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Arthur Garfield Hays
Arthur Garfield Hays (December 12, 1881 – December 14, 1954) was an American lawyer who became prominent in civil liberties issues; he was a co-founder〔(''The Arthur Garfield Hays Civil Liberties Program'' ) History〕〔(''ACLU SOCAL'' ) National Founding〕 of the American Civil Liberties Union and served as general counsel beginning in 1920. He also took private cases and became wealthy representing powerful or controversial clients, participating in notable cases such as the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. He was a member〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The New Republic, Volume 31 )〕 of the Committee of 48 and a contributor to The New Republic.〔 In 1937, he headed an independent investigation of an incident in which 18 people were killed and more than 200 wounded in Ponce, Puerto Rico when police fired at them; his commission concluded the police had behaved as a mob and committed a massacre.〔(''Ponce Massacre, Com. of Inquiry, 1937.'' ), Hays Commission. Law Library Microform Consortium. Retrieved 9 July 2009.〕
Hays wrote several books and essays about civil liberties issues, and in 1942 published his autobiography, ''City Lawyer: The Autobiography of a Law Practice.''
==Early life and education==
Hays was born in Rochester, New York. His father and mother, both of German Jewish descent, belonged to prosperous families in the clothing manufacturing industry. After graduating from Columbia College in 1902, where he was one of the early members of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity,〔2011 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Directory〕 and Columbia Law School in 1905, Hays formed a law firm with two of his former classmates.
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